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Open Access Articles

Incremental, Critical Plane Analysis of Standing Wave Development, Self-Heating, and Fatigue during Regulatory High-Speed Tire Testing Protocols
William V. Mars, Govind Paudel, Jesse D. Suter, Christopher G. Robertson
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.20.190219
Characterizing the Intrinsic Strength (Fatigue Threshold) of Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Blends

Christopher G. Robertson, Radek Stoček, Christian Kipscholl, William V. Mars

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.170168
Computing Tire Component Durability via Critical Plane Analysis
William V. Mars, Yintao Wei, Wang Hao, Mark A. Bauman
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.150090

Whitepapers

Critical Plane Analysis of Tension, Shear, and Compression Example calculations showing the application of Critical Plane Analysis to commonly encountered modes of deformation. Critical Plane Analysis predicts both the life and the orientation of the plane on which cracks first initiate.
Why do we call it the Pure Shear test? This experiment is useful for both hyperelastic and fracture mechanical characterizations of rubber. We explain the nomenclature.

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Comparing Pure Shear and Simple Shear The spin and rate of deformation tensors for these two common testing scenarios are computed and compared.

Scientific Publications

Mars W.V. (2020) Critical Plane Analysis of Rubber. In: Heinrich G., Kipscholl R., Stoček R. (eds) Fatigue Crack Growth in Rubber Materials. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 286. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2020_73
Robertson C.G., Stoček R., Mars W.V. (2020) The Fatigue Threshold of Rubber and Its Characterization Using the Cutting Method. In: Heinrich G., Kipscholl R., Stoček R. (eds) Fatigue Crack Growth in Rubber Materials. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 286. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2020_71
C.G. Robertson, L.B. Tunnicliffe, L. Maciag, M.A. Bauman, K. Miller, C.R. Herd, W.V. Mars, “Characterizing Distributions of Tensile Strength and Crack Precursor Size to Evaluate Filler Dispersion Effects and Reliability of Rubber”, Polymers 12, 203 (2020).
WV Mars, JD Suter, Breaking the computational barrier to simulating full road load signals in fatigue, Paper C08, Presented at the Fall 196th Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, October 8-10, 2019, ISSN: 1547-1977
A. Ramachandran, R. P. Wietharn, S.I. Mathew, W. V. Mars, and M. A. Bauman, “Experimental Validation of Crystallizing & Non-Crystallizing Models of Rubber Fatigue Behavior”, Presented at the 2018 Great Lakes Simulia Regional User Meeting, October 10-12, 2018.
W. V. Mars, C. G. Robertson, R. Stocek, C. Kipscholl, “Why Cutting Strength is an Indicator of Fatigue Threshold”, paper B03, presented at the Fall 194th Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society, Inc., Louisville,
Kentucky, October 9-11, 2018.
R. Stocek, W. V. Mars, R. Kipscholl, and C. G. Robertson, “Characterizing Rubber’s Resistance Against Chip and Cut Behavior”, Presented at the Fall 192nd Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Cleveland, Ohio, October 10-12, 2017 (Paper #E20).
C. G. Robertson, R. Stocek, C. Kipscholl, and W. V. Mars, “Characterizing the Intrinsic Strength of Natural Rubber / Butadiene Rubber Blends”, Presented at the Annual Business Meeting and Conference on Tire Science and Technology, Akron, Ohio, September 12-13, 2017.
A. Ramachandran, R. P. Wietharn, S.I. Mathew, W. V. Mars, and M. A. Bauman, “Critical Plane Selection Under Nonrelaxing Simple Tension with Strain Crystallization”, Presented at the Fall 192nd Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Cleveland, Ohio, October 10-12, 2017 (Paper #E15).
J. R. Goossens, W. V. Mars, G. Smith, P. Heil, S. Braddock, and J. Pilarski, “Durability Analysis of 3-Axis Input to Elastomeric Front Lower Control Arm Vertical Ride Bushing”, SAE Technical Paper, 2017-01-1857, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1857
K. P. Barbash and W. V. Mars, “Critical Plane Analysis of Rubber Bushing Durability under Road Loads”, No. 2016-01-0393, SAE Technical Paper, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0393
W.V. Mars and M.D. Ellul (2017) FATIGUE CHARACTERIZATION OF A THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER. Rubber Chemistry and Technology In-Press. https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.83780
Influence of cyclic softening on the energy release rate of an edge crack under simple tension, W.V. Mars, X.Z. Cheng, H. Yang, and L.Q. Zhang, Constitutive Models for Rubber VIII – Gil-Negrete and Alonso, Editors, Pages 371-376, 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00072-8
Loss of stiffness during fatigue and the development of crack precursors, W.V. Mars, M. Isasi, and A. Arriaga, Constitutive Models for Rubber VIII – Gil-Negrete and Alonso, Editors, Pages 355-360, 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00072-8
Chapter 10 – Strength of Elastomers, A.N. Gent, W.V. Mars, In: James E. Mark, Burak Erman and Mike Roland, Editor(s), The Science and Technology of Rubber (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, Boston, 2013, Pages 473-516, ISBN 9780123945846, 10.1016/B978-0-12-394584-6.00010-8
Energy release rate of small cracks in hyperelastic materials, M Aït-Bachir, WV Mars, E Verron, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 47 (2012)(4), 22-29
Fatigue Damage Analysis of an Elastomeric Tank Track Component, WV Mars, D Ostberg, ENDURICA LLC FINDLAY OH (2012)
Book Review: Engineering with Rubber, Edited by AN Gent, WV Mars, Rubber Chemistry and Technology 85 (2012)(3), 493
Analysis of Stiffness Variations in Context of Strain-, Stress-, and Energy-Controlled Processes, WV Mars, Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84 (2011)(2), 178-186
Fatigue investigation of elastomeric structures, B Näser, M Kaliske, WV Mars, Tire Science and Technology 38 (2010)(3), 194-212
Computed dependence of rubber’s fatigue behavior on strain crystallization, WV Mars, Rubber Chemistry and Technology 82 (2009)(1), 51-61
Fatigue Life Analysis and Predictions in NR And SBR Under Variable Amplitude and Multiaxial Loading Conditions, R. Harbour, A. Fatemi, W. V. Mars, International Journal of Fatigue Vol. 30, Issue 7, July 2008, pp. 1231-1247.
Constitutive Behavior and Temperature Effects in NR and SBR Under Variable Amplitude and Multiaxial Loading Conditions, R. Harbour, A. Fatemi, W. V. Mars, ASME Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol. 130, 011005 (2008) (11 pages) DOI:10.1115/1.2806276.
Fatigue Crack Orientation in NR and SBR Under Variable Amplitude and Multiaxial Loading Conditions, R. Harbour, A. Fatemi, and W. V. Mars, Journal of Material Science, 43, 1783-1794, 2008.
Comparison of Test Specimens for Characterization of Dynamic Properties of Rubber, M. A. Castellucci, A. T. Hughes, W. V. Mars, Experimental Mechanics, 48, 1-8, 2008.

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Simulation of Mullins Effect and Permanent Set in Filled Elastomers Using Multiplicative Decomposition, S. M. Govindarajan J. A. Hurtado, W. V. Mars, Constitutive Models for Rubber V, Paris, 2007.
Fatigue Life Prediction For Elastomer Structures, W V. Mars, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 481-503, 2007.
The Effect of a Dwell Period on Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Filled SBR and NR, R. Harbour, A. Fatemi, W. V. Mars, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol 80, No. 5, pp 838- 853, 2007.
Fatigue Crack Growth of Filled Rubber Under Constant and Variable Amplitude Loading Conditions, R. Harbour, A. Fatemi, W. V. Mars, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, vol. 30, pp. 640-652, 2007.
The Correlation of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Rubber Subjected to Multiaxial Loading Using Continuum Mechanical Parameters, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 80, No. 2, 169-182, 2007.
Multiaxial stress effects on fatigue behavior of filled natural rubber, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 28; No. 5-6, pp. 521-529, 2006.
Nucleation and Growth of Small Fatigue Cracks in Filled Natural Rubber Under Multiaxial Loading, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 41, pp. 7324-7332, 2006.
Dynamic stress-strain behavior of filled rubber under combined axial and shear straining, W. V. Mars, J. Bergstrom, Constitutive Models for Rubber IV, Austrell, Kari (eds.), Swets and Zeitlinger, Netherlands, pp. 325-334, 2005.
Fatigue Life Analysis of an Exhaust Mount, W. V. Mars, J. Kingston, A. Muhr, S. Martin, K. W. Wong, Constitutive Models for Rubber IV, Austrell, Kari (eds.), Swets and Zeitlinger, Netherlands, pp. 23-30, 2005.
Multiaxial Fatigue of Rubber, Part II: Experimental Observations and Life Predictions, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 523-522, June 2005.
Multiaxial Fatigue of Rubber, Part I: Equivalence Criteria and Theoretical Aspects, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 515-522, June 2005.
Analysis of Fatigue Life Under Complex Loading: Revisiting Cadwell, Merill, Sloman, and Yost, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 79, No 4, pp. 589-601, 2006.
Evaluation of a Pseudo-Elastic Model for the Mullins Effect, W. V. Mars, Tire Science and Technology, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 120-145, 2004.
Factors that Affect the Fatigue Life of Rubber – A Literature Survey, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol 77, No. 3, pp. 391-412, 2004.
Observations of the Constitutive Response and Characterization of Filled Natural Rubber under Monotonic and Cyclic Multiaxial Stress States, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol. 126, Issue 1, pp. 19-28, January 2004.
A Novel Specimen for Investigating Mechanical Behavior of Elastomers under Multiaxial Loading Conditions, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 44, No. 2, April 2004, pp 136-146.
Modeling of stress softening in filled elastomers, K. Bose, J. Hurtado, M. Snyman, W.V. Mars, J.Q. Chen, Constitutive Models for Rubber III, A. Muhr, J. Busfield (eds.), Swets and Zeitlinger, Netherlands, pp 223-230, 2003.
Fatigue crack nucleation and growth in filled natural rubber, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 26, pp. 779–789, 2003.
A Phenomenological Model for the Effect of R ratio on Fatigue in Strain Crystallizing Rubbers, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 76, No 5, pp. 1241-1258, 2003.
A Literature Survey on Fatigue Analysis Approaches for Rubber, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol 24, No. 9, pp. 949-961, 2002.
Criteria for Fatigue Crack Nucleation in Rubber Under Multiaxial Loading, W. V. Mars, A. Fatemi, Constitutive Models for Rubber II, D. Besdo, R. Schuster, J. Ihlemann (eds.), Swets and Zeitlinger, Netherlands, pp. 213-222, 2001.
Cracking Energy Density as a predictor of fatigue life under multiaxial conditions, W. V. Mars, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 75, pp. 1-18, 2002.

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